Transaction Fees
Last updated
Last updated
NOTE: The transaction fee has changed with the Kore
hardfork. If you want the previous document, please refer to previous document.
Kore
hardfork block numbers are as follows.
Baobab Testnet: #111736800
Cypress Mainnet: #119750400
The transaction fee of one transaction is calculated as follows:
As an easy-to-understand analogy in this regard, suppose you're filling up gas at a gas station. The gas price is determined by the refinery every day, and today's price is $2. If you fill 15L up, then you would pay $30 = 15L x $2/1L for it, and the $30 will be paid out of your bank account. Also, the transaction will be recorded in the account book.
Transaction fee works just the same as above. The network determines the gas price for every block. Suppose the gas price for the current block is 30 ston. If a transaction submitted by from
account was charged 21000 gas, then 630000 ston = (21000 gas * 30 ston) would be paid out of the from
account. Also, the transaction will be recorded in the block, and it will be applied in the state of all blockchain nodes.
Summing it up again, this calculated transaction fee is subtracted from the sender's or fee payer's account. However, the fee can be deducted from the balance only if the transaction is created by klay_sendTransaction/eth_sendTransaction. Because the other transactions cannot change the state since they cannot be included in the block. They are just a simulation in some way.
This is an overall explanation of the transaction fee, and from this point, we would give a detailed explanation of how gas price is determined and how the gas is calculated.
Unlike the ethereum, Klaytn used the fixed gas price, called unitPrice
at first. However, since magma hardfork, Klaytn started to use dynamic gas price which concept is newly redesined by modifying the Ethereum's basefee, so called Effective Gas Price
. Since there have been many changes about gas price, it can be pretty confusing on what value to set for gasPrice. So, we've made a guide on how to set the gas price below.
Network | Before BaseFee | After BaseFee |
---|---|---|
Since the magma hard fork, a dynamic gas fee mechanism has replaced the existing fixed fee policy. Dynamic gas fee policy provides a stable service to users by preventing network abuse and storage overuse. The gas fee changes according to the network situation. Seven parameters affect the base fee(gas fee)
:
PREVIOUS_BASE_FEE: Base fee of the previous block
GAS_USED_FOR_THE_PREVIOUS_BLOCK: Gas used to process all transactions of the previous block
GAS_TARGET: The gas amount that determines the increase or decrease of the base fee (30 million at the moment)
MAX_BLOCK_GAS_USED_FOR_BASE_FEE: Implicit block gas limit to enforce the max basefee change rate (60 million at the moment)
BASE_FEE_DELTA_REDUCING_DENOMINATOR: The value to set the maximum base fee change to 5% per block (20 at the moment, can be changed later by governance)
UPPER_BOUND_BASE_FEE: The maximum value for the base fee (750 ston at the moment, can be changed later by governance)
LOWER_BOUND_BASE_FEE: The minimum value for the base fee (25 ston at the moment, can be changed later by governance)
The basic idea of this algorithm is that the base fee
would go up if the gas used exceeds the base gas and vice versa. It is closely related to the number of transactions in the network and the gas used in the process. There is an upper and lower limit for the base fee
to prevent the fee from increasing or decreasing indefinitely. There is also a cap for the gas and an adjustment value for the fluctuation to prevent abrupt changes in the base fee
. The values can be changed by governance.
The base fee
is calculated for every block; there could be changes every second. Transactions from a single block use the same base fee
to calculate transaction fees. Only transactions with a gas price higher than the block base fee
can be included in the block. Half of the transaction fee for each block is burned (BURN_RATIO = 0.5, cannot be changed by governance).
NOTE: An important feature that sets Klaytn apart from Ethereum's EIP-1559 is that it does not have tips. Klaytn follows the First Come, First Served(FCFS) principle for its transactions.
Every action that changes the state of the blockchain requires gas. While processing the transactions in a block, such as sending KLAY, using KIP-7 tokens, or executing a contract, the user has to pay for the computation and storage usage. The payment amount is decided by the amount of gas
required.
Gas
required is computed by adding up the next two gases;
IntrinsicGas
is a gas that is statically charged based on the configuration of the transaction, such as the datasize of the transaction.
ContractExecutionGas
, on the other hand, is a gas that is dynamically calculated due to the contract execution.
In here, we would focus on how IntrinsicGas
is organized. For the ContractExecutionGas
, the klvm documentation describes it in detail, so please refer klvm docs.
Coming back to IntrinsicGas
, a transaction's intrinsicGas
can be calculated by adding up the next four factors.
PayloadGas
is calculated based on the size of the data field in the tx.
KeyCreationGas
is calculated when the transaction registers new keys. Only applicable in accountUpdate
transaction.
KeyValidationGas
is calculated based on the number of signatures.
TxTypedGas
is defined based on the transaction types.
Before we get into the detail, keep in mind that not all key types apply the keyGases (KeyCreationGas
and KeyValidationGas
).
The KeyCreationGas is calculated as (number of registering keys) x TxAccountCreationGasPerKey (20000)
.
Please Keep in mind that Public key type always has only one registering key, so the gas would be always 20000.
The KeyValidationGas is calculated as (number of signatures - 1) x TxValidationGasPerKey(15000)
.
Please keep in mind that Public key type always has only one signature key, so the gas would be always zero.
A Klaytn transaction can also have a feePayer, so the total KeyValidationGas is like this.
Calculating PayloadGas
is simple. It is calculated as (number_of_bytes_of_tx_input) x TxDataGas(100)
There are three types of transactions in klaytn; base
, feeDelegated
, and feeDelegatedWithFeeRatio
.
For example,
TxTypeValueTransfer is the base
type of the valueTransaction transaction.
TxTypeFeeDelegatedValueTransfer is a feeDelegated
type of the valueTransfer transaction.
TxTypeFeeDelegatedValueTransferWithRatio is a feeDelegatedWithRatio
type of the valueTransfer transaction.
This is important when calculating TxTypedGas:
First, check the TxType is feeDelegated
or feeDelegatedWithFeeRatio
.
If the TxType is feeDelegated
, add TxGasFeeDelegated(10000)
to TxTypedGas
If the TxType is feeDelegatedWithFeeRatio
, add TxGasFeeDelegatedWithRatio (15000)
to TxTypedGas
Second, check the transaction creates contract or not.
If the transaction creates contract, add TxGasContractCreation (53000)
to TxTypedGas.
Otherwise, add TxGas (21000)
to TxTypedGas.
For example,
If it's legacyTransaction and creates contract, the TxTypedGas would be 0 + TxGasContractCreation(53000)
.
If it's TxTypeFeeDelegatedValueTransfer, the TxTypedGas would be TxGasFeeDelegated(10000) + TxGas (21000)
If it's TxTypeFeeDelegatedSmartContractDeployWithRatio, the TxTypedGas would be TxGasFeeDelegatedWithRatio (15000) + TxGasContractCreation (53000)
Key Type | Are those keyGases applicable? |
---|---|
klaytn
tx parameter gasPrice: network-defined. must be set as the unitPrice
gasPrice: use the tx parameter gasPrice
tx parameter gasPrice: user-defined. It means the price the most you can pay
(e.g. suggestGasPrice = 2*latestBlock.baseFee )
gasPrice: dynamic gasPrice, baseFee
, which is defined by network.
Ethereum
tx parameter gasPrice: user-defined. it means the price the most you can pay. gasPrice: use the tx parameter gasPrice
tx parameter gasPrice: user-defined. It means the price the most you can pay.
gasPrice: dynamic gasPrice, baseFee+tip
, which is defined by network.
Nil
No
Legacy
No
Fail
No
Public
Yes
MultiSig
Yes
RoleBased
Depending on key types in the role